3D printing driving innovations in extreme low-temperature
It provides critical theoretical guidance and practical insights for advancing the scientific understanding and engineering applications of extreme low-temperature energy
The 3D structure-based miniature device shows excellent cyclic stability and sub-hertz energy harvesting capability. The design of the topology and dimension of the 3D structure expands the functionality and adaptability of the device as sensors and energy generators.
This interdisciplinary perspective offers a novel research approach for the low-temperature energy storage field, providing critical insights into advancing both scientific understanding and engineering applications.
Despite their theoretical potential, research on applying these techniques to extreme low-temperature energy storage remains scarce. Key challenges include the mismatch between the rheological and curing properties of applicable materials and the process parameters during printing .
For example, a 3D TENG with PI-PVDF layer at a height of 5 mm produces a higher output voltage of approximately 26.1 V and a current of about 0.64 μA, compared to a spatial height of 3 mm (∼19.2 V and ∼ 0.41 μA) and 1 mm (∼6.3 V and ∼ 0.23 μA).
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